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=FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET=

**REVIEW SHEET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2010-2011**


 * NAME:** __

All answers must be in your handwriting.

(temp, light, number of students, noise) || Using a thermostat to keep the temperature constant. || Plants  insects  birds || If the plant is removed everything above it will die. If insects were removed the plants will increase and the birds will die. If the birds a removed the plants and insects will increase in numbers. ||
 * # What can cells in your body do?
 * 1) cell division?- Cells do divide, it's when a parent cell divides into 2 or ore daughter cells
 * 2) pass DNA to other cells?- yes because when they divide they pass their DNA to other cells
 * 3) Use energy?- cells use energy to grow, divide, make proteins, and to get rid of wastes ||   ||
 * 2. two function of cell membrane- The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and it separates the interior of the cell from the outside ||  ||
 * 3. two differences between plant and animal cells- Plants have cell walls and animals don't, and plans have chloroplasts to make their own food- animal cells don't. ||  ||
 * 4. What does salting meat do? What process is this? || Salting meat dries it out. It is called curing. ||
 * 5. Describe homeostasis and give 1 example. || Sweating when hot. Keep conditions stable. ||
 * 6. How is homeostasis controlled in a classroom?
 * 7. In a food chain, what happens if plants are removed? Insects removed? Birds removed?
 * 8. What happens to cells in salt solutions? Which tonic is this? || The cell will shrink because it loses water. This is hypertonic. ||
 * 9. Name 1 disease caused by the following organisms:

virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoan || Virus- Ebola protozoan- malaria Bacteria- Strep Throat Fungi- Athletes foot || a. placed in water
 * 10. What causes the flu, herpes, poxes, AIDS? || Viruses ||
 * 11. How does the earth show homeostasis? (think oil spill) || If there is too much humidity in the air, it will rain. ||
 * 12. Definition of diffusion ||  ||
 * 13. Example of diffusion-food coloring, perfume, tea bag ||  ||
 * 14. Definition of osmosis-movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration ||  ||
 * 15. Example of osmosis-isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic ||  ||
 * 16. Which way do diffusion and osmosis always flow- high concentration to low concentration. ||  ||
 * 17. Why do osmosis and diffusion occur?- equilibrium ||  ||
 * 18. We put food coloring in a beaker of water. What happens? the food coloring spreads out. ||  ||
 * 19. Name 2 ways to speed diffusion up.- temperture and stirring. ||  ||
 * 20. We put eggs in vinegar. What were we trying to do? || We were trying to dissolve the egg. ||
 * 21. What will happen to an egg without its shell if:

b. placed in salt water

c. placed in syrup || a. The water will rush into the shell which would lead it to expand.

b. If the egg is placed in salt, the water will leave the egg and it will shrink.

c. When the egg is put in syrup, the egg will lose all of the water and shrivel. || Science Word: Plasmoptysis ||
 * 22. If lots of water enters a cell what could happen? (Regular word and science word) || Regular Word: Expand/grow.
 * 23. Name solutions for the following tonics:

a. hypertonic b. isotonic c. hypotonic || a. more water inside of cell causing water flow out of the cell

b. equal amount of water inside and outside of the cell

c. more water outside of cell causing water to flow into the cell || hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic cell getting bigger, cell shrinking, cell staying the same, cell at equilibrium, water going in and out equally, cell that has osmosis going on ||  || a. prokaryote- no nucleus b. eukaryote- has a nucleus c. nucleus- sypherical mass in the center of the cell d. nuclear area- area in which plants tends to congregate e. bacteria- unique one celled organisms f. human cell- basic unit of life g. came first- Cell A h. more advanced- Cell B i. has many organelles- Cell B j. has cell wall- Cell A k. has cell membrane- Cell B m. has cytoplasm and ribosomes- Cell A ||  || The positively charged central core of an atom, containing most of its mass. b. nuclear membrane- The nuclear envelope (NE) (also known as the perinuclear envelope, nuclear membrane, nucleolemma or karyotheca) is a double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. c. cytoplasm- The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus d. ribosomes- A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. e. mitochondria- An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. f. flagellum- A slender threadlike structure, esp. a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc., to swim g. cell membrane- The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell. h. smooth ER- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells. i. rough ER- parts of the endoplasmic reticulum to which ribosomes are attached on the cytoplasmic side; involved in the biosynthesis of proteins for export to the outside of the cell and enzymes to be incorporated into cellular organelles such as lysosomes. j. chloroplast- (in green plant cells) A plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. k. cell wall- A rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. l. vacuole- A space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid. m. golgi- A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport. n. nucleolus- A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase. o. cilia- A short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure. p. cytoskeleton- A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence. || spontaneous generation abiogenesis biogenesis origin of species natural selection artificial selection || Spontaneous generation – idea that living things can come from non - living things.
 * 24. Most of the time your body cells are tonic || Body cells are isotonic ||
 * 25. Look at the three cells. Label the following terms on the correct cell:
 * 26. define the following and label on cell A or cell B:
 * 27. define the following organelles: || a. nucleus-
 * 28. Define:

Abiogenesis – spontaneous generation

Biogenesis – living things coming from other living things

Origin of species – the book charles Darwin wrote about natural selection

Natural selection – process by which individuals with inherited species characteristics well suited leave more offspring

Artificial selection – breeding traits that have human uses || Redi Pasteur Van Leeuwenhoek Darwin || Redi – put meat in jars, covered half of them, only saw flies in uncovered jars
 * 29. Give key points about each scientist:

Pasteur – used two different flasks, one with a loopy neck and one with a straight neck and left both open, only saw bacteria in straight neck

Darwin – studied geology of plants, animals on voyage. Came up with observations such as, too many organisms are produce, only fittest for environment survive, the fittest get to reproduce and pass along traits, etc.

Van Leeuwenhoek – created the first well developed microscope and saw bacteria. || What is the first word? genus Second word? species ||  || Plantae, Monera, Fungi, Animalia? kingdon Arthropoda, Nematoda, Cnidria, Platyhelminthes? phylum ||  || vestigial organs- structures that no longer have a function homologous organs- body parts that are structurally equivalent- bat wing and human arm analogous organs- organs with the same origin- bird wing and butterfly wing ||  || same kingdom ; not same genus ; not same species ||  || retrovirus= contains RNA, makes a DNA copy of RNA, DNA is inserted into host cell lytic virus= virus injects nucleic acid into cells taking over its metabolism lysogenic virus= virus injects/intergrated its DNA into host cell provirus=located inside DNA in host cell ||  || 1. nuclecic acid 2. protein coat ||  || Antibiotics Vaccine || A. Antibiotics have an anti-Bacterial effect that either kill the bacteria in the symptom or keep them from reproducing. Antibiotics work on Bacteria because it is alive and can be killed. B. Vaccine gives your body a small amount of the disease/infection/virus. That is a small enough dose so that your immune system can learn how to fight it. ||
 * 30. //Homo sapiens//
 * 31. Are these kingdoms or phyla?
 * 32. Define and give an example:
 * 33. If you are in the same phylum, are you in the same kingdom? Same genus? Same species?
 * 34. Viruses must reproduce inside __host cell__ ||  ||
 * 35. Define and give an example:
 * 36. Name the 2 parts of every virus
 * 37. What do the following do and who do they work on?
 * 38. Draw the shapes of bacteria:

coccus bacillus spirillum || A. Ball Shape-



B. Rod Shape-



C. Spiral Shape-

|| capsule Petri dish Streptococcus ||  || dominant gene- recessive gene mutation || An allete that always shows up in phenotype. An allete that only shows if two are present. A change in the DNA code. || viviparous ovoviparous oviparous || Gives birth to living young. Ex. Mammals Produces eggs that are hatched in the body. Ex. Reptiles and fish Lays eggs out of the body. Ex. Birds || Egg: 23 Sperm: 23 || Heterozygous: Pure: Hybrid: Phenotype: Genotype: || Males because they will have whatever trait is on their x chromosome. ||  || To share DNA. ||  || Map of chromosomes in size order. ||  ||
 * 39. If we overuse antibiotics, the bacteria may become: || If we over use antibiotics, the bacteria may become resistant to it. ||
 * 40. Bacteria: Explain the following:
 * 41. Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes? Why? ||  ||
 * 42. How do diseases get passed down genetically? || In DNA code ||
 * 43. Define:
 * 44. Sweating allows humans to keep their: || body temp. balanced. ||
 * 45. Define and give an example of each:
 * 46. What is a vaccine and what is it designed to do? || It cannot protect a disease, but it can slow down an illness. ||
 * 47. Put in order, smallest to biggest: protozoans, bacteria, viruses || Viruses, bacteria, then protozoans. ||
 * 48. How many chromosomes in a human foot cell? How many in an egg? Sperm? || Foot: 46
 * 49. Number of chromosomes in Down’s syndrome || 47 chromosomes. ||
 * 50. How can 2 parents not show the recessive trait, yet one of their children shows the trait? || The parents could be carrying the trait, and even though it is recessive, it is still there. So they could be carrying it and pass it to their children. ||
 * 51. Define: homozygous, heterozygous, pure, hybrid, phenotype, genotype || Homozygous: a genetic condition where an individual inherits the same alleles for a particular gene from both parents.
 * 52. Cross 2 carriers of a disease. What are the % of their children with and without the diseae? ||  ||
 * 52. Red is dominant to white. Cross homozygous red with homozygous red. Offspring % ||  ||
 * 53. Chromosomes of a normal male. Normal female. || Male: XY Female: XX ||
 * 54. If the FBI needed your DNA, how could they obtain it? || Blood test, fingerprints ||
 * 55. If a disease is sex-linked explain who gets it more often and why?
 * 56. Why does DNA replicate?
 * 57. Describe karyotype and why it would be used.
 * 58. Define: mitosis, meiosis, fertilization, zygote, sexual reproduction, asexual reprodution || Mitosis – A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent.

Meiosis – a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

Fertilization - the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Zygote - a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes.

Sexual Reproduction - the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types.

Asexual Reproduction - without sex or sexuality. ||
 * 59. Define dominant gene, recessive gene, give letters. || Dominant Genes – Dominant genes are purebred genes that overshadow recessive genes. Ex: AA BB TT

Recessive Genes – Recessive genes are inferior to Dominant genes. The genes are not purebred. Ex: aa bb tt || b. autotroph, multicellular: plantea c. mushrooms: fungi d. unicellular, eukaryote, amoeba: protista e. bacteria: monera f. prokaryotes: monera || b. enters through bare feet: hook worm c. mollusk, tentacles, suckers: octopus d. rectal itching: pin worm e. tentacles, nematocysts, stinging cells: jelly fish f. non-parasitic segmented worm: earth worm g. attacks liver, “big belly”: fluke h. cross eyed worm: planaria ||
 * 60. What is a double helix? || Double Helix – Looks like a spiral staircase that is the structure of DNA. It holds the traits in the Helix. ||
 * 61. Define biodiversity. || the variety of life in the world or in a partitcular habitat or ecosystem ||
 * 62. Why is biodiversity so important? || allows animals, plants, and humans to ti share the planet, if a species dies hundreds more may follow ||
 * 63. Why are there so many species of trees, birds or insects? || evolution ||
 * 64. If we build home, malls, parking lots, what happens to biodiversity? || it gets smaller because the animals are losing their homes ||
 * 65. Name the kingdom (monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia) || a. heterotrophs, multicellular: animalia
 * 66. There are 7 taxons. Name them starting with the largest first. || Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species ||
 * 67. Name 10 invertebrates. Make sure they are in different phyla. || Earth Worm, Snail, Jellyfish, Crabs, Starfish, Octopus, Spider, Clam, Tape Worm, Sponge ||
 * 68. Name animal. || a. filter feeds: sponge
 * 69. How do you use a dichotomous key? || Two part question that start general and become more specific about an organism. ||
 * 70. Define the following terms: ||  ||
 * Hermaphroditic || organism that produces egg and sperm ||
 * IPMAT || Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, and Telophase (Stages of Mitosis) ||
 * Dioecious || Having separate male and female sexes ||
 * Cephalization || development of a head ||
 * Exoskeleton || an external covering seen in Arthropods ||
 * Water vascular system || a system of closed fluid filled tubes and ducts of echinoderms that moves tube feet ||
 * Sessile || not moving ||
 * Parasite || not moving an organism that live on or in and organism called the host, and is harmful ||
 * Free living || non-parasitic organism ||
 * Segmented || body is in sections: Annelids and Arthropods ||
 * Symmetry || the balance of body proportion in relation to each other ||
 * Molting || shedding exoskeleton, skin, or feathers ||
 * Heterozygous || having 2 different alleles for a trait ||
 * Homozygous || having 2 identical alleles for a trait ||